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  一般我们在xcode里面配置包含工程目录下头文件的时候，都要关联着相对路径和绝对路径，如果只是自己用这个项目，用绝对路径的问题不大，但是如果你把工程发给别人，别人就要在改这个绝对路径，这时候绝对路径的缺点立马出现。



所以在修改User Header Search Paths这个选项的时候使用

"$(SRCROOT)/当前工程名字/需要包含头文件所在文件夹"

将上面的双引号里面的字符串拷贝之后，你会发现这个“$(SRCROOT)”，会自动变成当前工程所以的目录。


这样就可以了，发给别人，别人也不用在去修改路径了。








  
  xcode4的环境变量，Build Settings参数，workspace及联编设置
  
  
  
   
   一、xcode4中的环境变量
   
   

1. $(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)

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   build成功后的，最终产品路径－－可以在Build Settings参数的Per-configuration Build Products Path项里设置
   
   

1. $(TARGET_NAME)

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   目标工程名称
   
   

1. $(SRCROOT)

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   工程文件（比如Nuno.xcodeproj）的路径  
   
   

1. $(CURRENT_PROJECT_VERSION)

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   当前工程版本号
     
   其他：
   当编译静态库，设备选模拟器(iPhone 5.0 Simulator)，未设置任何Build Settings参数时，默认的基础路径：
   /Users/xxx/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/xxxWorkspace-caepeadwrerdcrftijaolkkagbjf
   下面用$()代替上面一长串东东
   $(SYMROOT) = $()/Build/Products
   $(BUILD_DIR) = $()/Build/Products
   $(BUILD_ROOT) =  $()/Build/Products
   这三个变量中的$()不会随着Build Settings参数的设置而改变
   相反，以下可以通过设置而改变
   $(CONFIGURATION_BUILD_DIR) = $()/Build/Products/Debug-iphonesimulator
   $(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR) = $()/Build/Products/Debug-iphonesimulator
   $(CONFIGURATION_TEMP_DIR) = $()/Build/Intermediates/UtilLib.build/Debug-iphonesimulator
   $(TARGET_BUILD_DIR) = $()/Build/Products/Debug-iphonesimulator
   $(SDK_NAME) = iphonesimulator5.0
   $(PLATFORM_NAME) = iphonesimulator
   $(CONFIGURATION) = Debug
   $(TARGET_NAME) = UtilLib
   $(EXECUTABLE_NAME) = libUtilLib.a 可执行文件名
   ${IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET} 5.0
   $(ACTION) = build
   $(CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR) 当前模拟器路径  
   $(CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR) 当前设备路径  
     
   $(BUILD_DIR)/$(CONFIGURATION)$(EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME =
   $()/Build/Products/Debug-iphonesimulator
   $(PROJECT_TEMP_DIR)/$(CONFIGURATION)$(EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME) = $()/Build/Intermediates/UtilLib.build/Debug-iphonesimulator
     
   自定义变量
   ${CONFIGURATION}-iphoneos 表示：Debug-iphoneos
   ${CONFIGURATION}-iphonesimulator 表示：Debug-iphonesimulator
   $(CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR) = ${SYMROOT}/${CONFIGURATION}-iphoneos
   $(CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR) = ${SYMROOT}/${CONFIGURATION}-iphonesimulator
   自定义一个设备无关的路径（用来存放各种架构arm6/arm7/i386输出的产品）
   $(CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR) = ${SYMROOT}/${CONFIGURATION}-universal
   自定义变量代表的值
   $(CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR) ＝ $()/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos
   $(CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR) = $()/Build/Products/Debug-iphonesimulator
   $(CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR) = $()/Build/Products/Debug-universal
     
   iphoneos5.0下的编译脚本：
   xcodebuild -project "UtilLib.xcodeproj" -configuration "Debug" -target "UtilLib" -sdk "iphoneos5.0" -arch "armv6 armv7" build RUN_CLANG_STATIC_ANALYZER=NO  $(BUILD_DIR)="${BUILD_DIR}" BUILD_ROOT="${BUILD_ROOT}"
     
   iphonesimulator5.0下的编译脚本：
   xcodebuild -project "UtilLib.xcodeproj" -configuration "Debug" -target "UtilLib" -sdk "iphonesimulator5.0" -arch "i386" build RUN_CLANG_STATIC_ANALYZER=NO $(BUILD_DIR)="${BUILD_DIR}"  BUILD_ROOT="${BUILD_ROOT}"
   加上下面一句表示输出到文件：
   > "${BUILD_ROOT}.build_output"
     
   lipo脚本工具：合并iPhone模拟器和真机的静态类库，生成通用库
   lipo -create -output "${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}" "${CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}"         "${CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}"
   意思是：把"${CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR}目录下的.a文件，和${CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR}目录下的.a文件合并，
   在${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}目录下，生成两个设备都通用的静态库,
   例如：lipo -create -output xy.a x.a y.a
     
   二、xcode4中build Settings常见参数解析
   1.Installation Directory：安装路径
   静态库编译时，在Build Settings中Installation Directory设置“$(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)”
   Skip Install设为YES
   Installation Directory默认为/usr/local/lib
   因为Build Location默认时，.a文件会放在很长（比如：/Users/xxx/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/xxxProgram
   dalrvzehhtesxdfqhxixzafvddwe/Build/Products/Debug-iPhoneos）的路径下，或是我们target指定的路径
   Skip Install如果是NO,可能会被安装到默认路径/usr/local/lib
   2.Public Headers Folder Path：对外公开头文件路径
   设为“include”（具体的头文件路径为：$(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)/include/xx.h）
   在最终文件.a同级目录下生成一个include目录
   默认：/usr/local/include
   Public Headers Folder Path这个路径就是使用这lib的某工程需要依赖的外部头文件.导入这路径后，#include/import "xx.h"才能看到
   3.User Header Search Paths：依赖的外部头文件搜索路径
   设置为“$(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)/include”
   和2中路径对应
   4.Per-configuration Build Products Path：最终文件路径
   比如设为“../app”，就会在工程文件.xcodeproj上一层目录下的app目录里，创建最终文件
   默认为$(BUILD_DIR)/$(CONFIGURATION)$(EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME)  
   等于$(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)
   5.Per-configuration Intermediate Build Files Path：临时中间文件路径
   默认为：$(PROJECT_TEMP_DIR)/$(CONFIGURATION)$(EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME)
   6.Code Signing Identity：真机调试的证书选择
   选一个和Bundle identifier相对应的证书
   Library Search Paths：库搜索路径
   Architectures：架构，设为 armv6 或 armv7
   Valid Architectures：应用框架，可以设为 armv6、 armv7 或i386
   Product Name:工程文件名，默认为$(TARGET_NAME)
   Info.plist File：info文件路径
   Build Variants：默认为normal
   Other Linker Flags：其他链接标签
   设为“-ObjC”
   当导入的静态库使用了类别，需要设为-ObjC
   iOS Deployment Target：ios部署对象
   比如可以选择设为，ios3到ios5的一种版本
   Prefix Header：预编头文件（比如：UtilLib/UtilLib-Prefix.pch）
   Precompile Prefix Header：设为“Yes”，表示允许加入预编译头
     
   三、workspace（工作区）
   作用：管理多个工程（project），多工程联编
     
   四、workspace多工程联编设置
   一、
   1.新建一个静态库工程，比如UtilLib，并生成UtilLib.h和UtilLib.m文件
   2.选中需要公开的头文件，
   

   把右侧栏的Target Membership中设置为public
   

   或则，选中工程目录target的Build Phases标签的copy headers项，在public中添加要公开的头文件
   

   3.Architectures设为：armv6 armv7
   4.Valid Architectures设为：armv6 armv7 i386
   5.Build Products Path设为：$(SRCROOT)/../build
   6.Per-configuration Build Products Path设为：
   $(SRCROOT)/../build/$(CONFIGURATION)$(EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME)
   7.Per-configuration Intermediate Build Files Path设为：
   $(SRCROOT)/../build/$(TARGET_NAME).build/$(CONFIGURATION)$(EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME)
   8.设置安装路径：Installation Directory项
   

   9.设置对外公开的头文件路径：Public Headers Folder Path项
   

   

   10.为静态库添加依赖的shell脚本
   选中工程目录target的Build Phases标签，点击由下角的Add Build Phase按钮
   

   在弹出的菜单里选择Add run script项，然后页面中会多出一个Run Script项
   

   在黑框里填写"$SRCROOT/mergeArmSymbols.sh"
   

   建立对此脚本的依赖（编译静态库的后会运行此脚本）
   如果编译时设备选的是iphone simulator：
   则此脚本会在对应iphone device的产品目录Debug-iphoneos中，生成对device有用的.a静态库，
   相反，如果设备选的是iphone device：
   则此脚本会在对应iphone simulator的产品目录Debug-iphoneos中，生成对simulator有用的.a静态库
   最后，此脚本调用lipo工具，把本工程生成静态库与此脚本生成的静态库合并，生成simulator和device都通用的.a文件
     
   11.具体bash shell脚本如下：
   
  

1. mergeArmSymbols.sh
2. # Version 2.0 (updated for Xcode 4, with some fixes)
4. # Author: Adam Martin - http://twitter.com/redglassesapps
5. # Based on: original script from Eonil (main changes: Eonil"s script WILL NOT WORK in Xcode GUI - it WILL CRASH YOUR COMPUTER)
6. #
7. # More info: see this Stack Overflow question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3520977/build-fat-static-library-device-simulator-using-xcode-and-sdk-4
9. #################[ Tests: helps workaround any future bugs in Xcode ]########
10. #
11. DEBUG_THIS_SCRIPT="true"
13. if [ $DEBUG_THIS_SCRIPT = "true" ]
14. then
15. echo "########### TESTS #############"
16. echo "Use the following variables when debugging this script; note that they may change on recursions"
17. echo "BUILD_DIR = $BUILD_DIR"
18. echo "BUILD_ROOT = $BUILD_ROOT"
19. echo "CONFIGURATION_BUILD_DIR = $CONFIGURATION_BUILD_DIR"
20. echo "BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR = $BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR"
21. echo "CONFIGURATION_TEMP_DIR = $CONFIGURATION_TEMP_DIR"
22. echo "TARGET_BUILD_DIR = $TARGET_BUILD_DIR"
23. echo "SDK_NAME = $SDK_NAME"
24. echo "PLATFORM_NAME = $PLATFORM_NAME"
25. echo "CONFIGURATION = $CONFIGURATION"
26. echo "TARGET_NAME = $TARGET_NAME"
27. echo "ARCH_TO_BUILD = $ARCH_TO_BUILD"
28. echo "ARCH_TO_BUILD = $ARCH_TO_BUILD"
29. echo "ACTION = $ACTION"
30. echo "SYMROOT = $SYMROOT"
31. echo "EXECUTABLE_NAME = $EXECUTABLE_NAME"
32. echo "CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR = $CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR"
33. echo "CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR = $CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR"
35. echo "#############Other###########"
36. echo "BUILD_DIR/CONFIGURATION/EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME = $BUILD_DIR/$CONFIGURATION$EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME"
38. echo "PROJECT_TEMP_DIR/CONFIGURATION/EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME = $PROJECT_TEMP_DIR/$CONFIGURATION$EFFECTIVE_PLATFORM_NAME"
40. fi
42. #####################[ part 1 ]##################
43. # First, work out the BASESDK version number
44. #    (incidental: searching for substrings in sh is a nightmare! Sob)
46. SDK_VERSION=$(echo ${SDK_NAME} | grep -o ".\{3\}$")
48. # Next, work out if we"re in SIM or DEVICE
50. if [ ${PLATFORM_NAME} = "iphonesimulator" ]
51. then
52. OTHER_SDK_TO_BUILD=iphoneos${SDK_VERSION}
53. ARCH_TO_BUILD="armv6 armv7"
54. else
55. OTHER_SDK_TO_BUILD=iphonesimulator${SDK_VERSION}
56. ARCH_TO_BUILD="i386"
57. fi
59. echo "XCode has selected SDK: ${PLATFORM_NAME} with version: ${SDK_VERSION} (although back-targetting: ${IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET})"
60. echo "...therefore, OTHER_SDK_TO_BUILD = ${OTHER_SDK_TO_BUILD}"
61. #
62. #####################[ end of part 1 ]##################
64. #####################[ part 2 ]##################
65. #
66. # IF this is the original invocation, invoke whatever other builds are required
67. #
68. # Xcode is already building ONE target... build ONLY the missing platforms/configurations.
70. if [ "true" == ${ALREADYINVOKED:-false} ]
71. then
72. echo "RECURSION: Not the root invocation, don"t recurse"
73. else
74. # Prevent recursion
75. export ALREADYINVOKED="true"
77. echo "RECURSION: I am the root... recursing all missing build targets..."
78. echo "RECURSION: ...about to invoke: xcodebuild -configuration "${CONFIGURATION}" -target "${TARGET_NAME}" -sdk "${OTHER_SDK_TO_BUILD}" -arch "${ARCH_TO_BUILD}" ${ACTION} RUN_CLANG_STATIC_ANALYZER=NO"
79. xcodebuild -project "${TARGET_NAME}.xcodeproj" -configuration "${CONFIGURATION}" -target "${TARGET_NAME}" -sdk "${OTHER_SDK_TO_BUILD}" -arch "${ARCH_TO_BUILD}" ${ACTION} RUN_CLANG_STATIC_ANALYZER=NO BUILD_DIR="${BUILD_DIR}" BUILD_ROOT="${BUILD_ROOT}" > "${BUILD_ROOT}.build_output"
80. ACTION="build"
82. # Merge all platform binaries as a fat binary for each configurations.
84. # Calculate where the (multiple) built files are coming from:
85. CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR=${SRCROOT}/../build/${CONFIGURATION}-iphoneos
86. CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR=${SRCROOT}/../build/${CONFIGURATION}-iphonesimulator
88. echo "Taking device build from: ${CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR}"
89. echo "Taking simulator build from: ${CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR}"
91. CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR=${SRCROOT}/../build/${CONFIGURATION}-universal
92. echo "...outputing a universal arm6/arm7/i386 build to: ${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}"
94. # ... remove the products of previous runs of this script
95. #      NB: this directory is only created by this script - it should be safe to delete
97. rm -rf "${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}"
98. mkdir "${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}"
100. #
101. echo "lipo: for current configuration (${CONFIGURATION}) creating output file: ${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}"
102. lipo -create -output "${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}" "${CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}" "${CURRENTCONFIG_SIMULATOR_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}"
104. #######custom########
105. #copy universal lib to ../libs
106. libsDir=../libs
107. includeDir=../include
109. rm -rf "${libsDir}"
110. mkdir -p "${libsDir}"
112. echo "cp -R ${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME} ${libsDir}"
114. cp -R "${CREATING_UNIVERSAL_DIR}/${EXECUTABLE_NAME}" "${libsDir}"
116. echo "cp -R ${CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR}/include ${includeDir}"
118. cp -R "${CURRENTCONFIG_DEVICE_DIR}/include" "${includeDir}"
120. fi

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   下载右边的图片，然后把后缀改为.sh（其实就是上面的脚本，因为博客园只能上传图片)
   静态库编译后的目录结构如下：
   

   

     
   二、  
   1.新建主工程，比如Nuno，添加对静态库的依赖
   点击工程，在Build Phases标签的Link Binary With Libraries项中点击加号添加UtilLib.a库
   

   

   

   选中上面的红色项，在右边栏的Location选Relative to Project，把值设为../libs/libUtilLib.a
   2.设置主工程依赖的外部头文件路径：User Header Search Paths项
   $(SRCROOT)/../include
   3.设置Header Search Paths为：$(SRCROOT)/../include
   4.设置Library Search Paths为：$(SRCROOT)/../libs
   编译运行即可实现联编  
     
   (备注：选择模拟器iphone 5.0 simulator，编译静态库的时，最终文件会在Debug-iphonesimulator，就算成功.a文件还是红色，
   这是可能是xcode的bug，不会自动切换路径
   因为$(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)所指的位置，是build/Debug-iphonesos,不是包含最终.a文件的Debug-iphonesimulator；
   选择ios Device，编译成的最终文件才在build/Debug-iphonesos下，.a文件变成非红色
   所有得用mergeArmSymbols.sh脚本来解决）
   
  


  


reference:  
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6de18992010190kk.HTML

http://www.cnblogs.com/xiaodao/arcHive/2012/03/28/2422091.html